Punishment Vs Classical Criminology - 1745 Words

Criminal Justice Theory Introduction Crime has existed in the society from time immemorial. Different cultures have dealt with it differently. While some have adopted very cruel, inhumane, and creative ways of punishment, others have chosen a relatively fair system of justice. Nevertheless, each system has had and served its purpose in fulfilling a given role in the society they are established. The classical criminology as envisioned by Bentham and Beccaria in the 1700’s and 1800’s has been the foundation upon which the modern criminal system is based on. While very many changes have been made to it, its core principles have remained to date and continue to influence how law and crime relate to each other. Importantly, religion has†¦show more content†¦Modern criminology finds it â€Å"out of favor† due to its â€Å"get tough† drive supported by mass imprisonment. While classical criminology theoretical proponents were seen as being subjective on the psychological, sociological, cul tural, and structural explanations, modern perspective on criminology proposes integrated perceptual and structural models that offer a more extensive range of variables at different levels of analysis (Clyne, 2016). Classical theory proponents were perceived as being reductionists and simplistic in a manner that emphasized on the advantages of crime commission through cost as depicted in the payoff systems as compared to the imprisonment option. Perhaps that was the reason they were regarded as being meaningless while at the same time extensive in their instrument. Modern criminology refuses to identify specific factors to crime commission and instead argue that the commission of a crime is a result of many other varying factors that lead up to the final act of commission. Contemporarily, there different perceptual and structural models that define and guide offending which helps in creating a wide range of variables in the way crime is committed and how it should be addressed. Religion and Rationality on Mutually Exclusiveness The answer as to whether religion and rationality have to be mutually exclusive is no. This is because of religion, as a belief and value system relies on its followers Show MoreRelatedClassicalism vs. Positivism1546 Words   |  7 PagesClassicalism vs. Positivism What is crime? What makes people commit crimes and how can we stop it? These, and many other questions similar to these, are asked by criminologists everyday. Criminology is an ever growing field, mainly because there is more and more research occurring and new theories linking people and crime coming out everyday. Below the main field of criminology there are many subfields that have different theories and philosophies on what they believe link criminal behaviorRead MoreThe Classical School Of Thought1327 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude the positivist vs. the classical schools of thought, changes in our understandings of what causes victimisation over time, official vs. unofficial data and the different definitions of crime. These concepts show how the discovery of the victim and the shift in focus from the offender to the offence from the past 30 years has changed the understandings of what the reasoning behind what causes crime. The positivist vs. the classical schools of thought: Modern Criminology is made up of two mainRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal behaviour. In the 18th century criminologists such as Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso all established criminological theories, in an attempt to achieve this goal. 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Trait Theory Student Name Criminology : Park University Online Program In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the Rational Choice Theory(s) and the Trait Theory(s). We will start with the history of the two theories and progress toward some of the individual principles in the theories. Next step will be explaining how each theory contributes to criminal behavior. My closing paragraph will concludeRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract3563 Words   |  15 Pagesand Citizen Cesare Beccaria published his Essays on Crimes and Punishment that focused heavily on the differentiation among three types of crimes, namely crimes against property, person and state. Cesare believed that punishment was an effective deterrent to crime, as the offender is rational and in control of their actions and behaviors. Cesare expressed that the â€Å"punishment should fit the crime† and that â€Å"adjudication and punishment should be both swift and certain†. He advocated for due processRead MoreClassical Theories Vs Psychological And Physic al1712 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Anderton, Classical Theories vs Psychological and Physical Passivism 1 The Minority Report movie is about a dubious yet powerful Pre-Crime program that utilizes psychic visions to imprison potential killers before they have acted. The film brings up concerns with the blemishes and disappointments of equity and science against the background of wrongful conviction. The film also deals with mass imprisonment, DNA innovation, and preventive detainment of warehousing criminals on the guise of futureRead MoreCompare and Contrast two criminological approaches to understanding the commission of crime1081 Words   |  5 Pagesthese can be prevented, and deterred by individuals. The two key approaches I will examine in this assignment is that of the early Classicalist approach, and the opposing Positivist approach, each of which are crucial for understanding modern criminology today. In the late eighteenth century Britain went through an Enlightenment period, which is also referred to as The Age of Reason (Paine, 1794) and this is because reason was emphasised over religion, secularisation transformed society, newRead MoreSocial Institutions825 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidering the risks of detection and punishment for the crimes as well as the rewards of committing the crimes successfully (Lyman amp; Potter, 2007). This theory was first exposed in the mid 1800s by the classical school of criminology (Lyman amp; Potter, 2007). The idea that members of organized crime group have free will to make rational decisions in regards to their involvement in criminal activity. With this theory it is suggested that the punishment for their criminal activity needed toRead MoreAre Criminals Rational Decision Makers? Essay examples2042 Words   |  9 Pageseach supporting theories. The traditional explanations for crime are nature vs. nurture debate and the ideas relating to any possible biological reasons that turns someone into a criminal. Are some people really just ‘born bad?’ or are there other, social reasons for criminal behaviour? In this essay I will look at both sides of the argument, and offer an insight into the reasons behind such criminal behaviours. The Classical theory argued that everyone is entitled to free will and rational choice but

The Secret Circle The Power Chapter Twelve Free Essays

â€Å"Get out of here before any of them see us,† the voice said tersely. Cassie could smell the acridity of sweat. Jordan, she was thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Twelve or any similar topic only for you Order Now The one with the gun. The one in the Pistol Club. The other one was Logan, who was on the MIT debate team, and was younger than Jordan – or was he older? Cassie never had been able to keep Portia’s brothers straight, even when Portia was telling her about them, back on Cape Cod. Her mind was working very calmly and clearly. They drove her out of New Salem, onto the mainland, keeping her squashed on the floor of the backseat the whole time. Jordan kept his feet on her and kept something cold and hard pressed against the back of her head. As if I were a dangerous criminal or something, Cassie thought. Good grief. What do they think I’m going to do, turn them into toads? The other pair of feet resting on her was feminine. Portia, Cassie guessed. No, Sally. Portia was too aristocratic to tromp on somebody’s legs. Cassie heard the thudding of the tires as they drove over the bridge to the mainland. After that there were a lot of turns, and then a long ride on a bumpy road. When they finally stopped, it was very quiet. They were in the middle of a forest. Birch and beech and oak, the native trees of Massachusetts, grew thickly all around. They let Cassie out of the car, and then the guys marched her into the woods. Cassie could hear the lighter footsteps of the girls following. It seemed like a long walk, farther and farther away from the road and any semblance of civilization. As dark fell, they reached a clearing. Somebody had been here before. Logan’s flashlight showed a fire pit, and ropes hanging from a tree. Portia and Sally – Cassie had been right, it was Sally – made a fire in the pit, while the guys tied Cassie to the tree. They used a lot more rope than Cassie thought necessary. And she didn’t like the look of that fire. â€Å"Why are you doing this?† she asked Logan as he stepped back from tying her. When she could see their faces she could tell Logan from Jordan – Jordan was the one with shark’s eyes. â€Å"Because you’re a witch,† Logan said briefly. â€Å"That’s a reason?† Portia stepped forward. â€Å"You lied,† she said accusingly. â€Å"About the boy on the beach, about everything. All the time, you were a witch yourself.† â€Å"I wasn’t then,† Cassie said, trying to keep her voice steady. â€Å"I am now.† â€Å"Then you admit it. Well, we’re going to do now what we should have done then.† A hard fist of fear clenched in Cassie’s stomach, and she looked at the fire again. Jordan was putting something in it, something long and metal. I’m in trouble, Cassie realized. I am in very, very bad trouble. She needed help. She knew that, and knew of only one way to call for it. Her only weapon was her power. All right, she told herself; do what you did to call to Sean. Get ready, stay calm – now. Adam, she tried to call to him with her mind. Adam, it’s Cassie. I’m in trouble. She wished she had the chalcedony rose to hold while she called; Adam had told her it would help make contact with him. But the chalcedony rose was Diana’s. Don’t think about that now. Think about Adam. You need to make Adam hear you. Adam, she called again, putting all her strength behind it. Strange that the ability to push with her mind, to do whatever she did to send the power lancing out, didn’t seem to deteriorate with use. Instead, it was like a muscle, getting stronger as she exercised it. Adam, she called again, keeping the message simple and clear. It’s Cassie. I need help. He’ll come, she told herself. He’ll find this place somehow; he’ll come if I can just stay calm and wait. It was the thought of what might happen before Adam came that chilled the blood in her veins. So here she was, stuck in the middle of nowhere with four witch hunters. And the silence was getting on her nerves. â€Å"The least you can do,† she said slowly, speaking to Logan and Sally because she didn’t think Jordan or Portia would answer, â€Å"is explain yourselves. You’ve got me out here, and the least you can do is tell me why you hate witches so much. Because I don’t understand.† â€Å"Are you crazy?† Logan said, as if it should be perfectly obvious. Then, as she continued to stare at him, he said simply, â€Å"Because they’re evil.† â€Å"Logan †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie searched his face in the firelight. â€Å"We’re just like you. We’re more – in touch – with nature, that’s all. We study it and we celebrate it, and sometimes we can get it to do things for us. But we’re not evil. Look,† she said, as Logan turned away, â€Å"we have our faults like everybody else, but basically we try to be good.† â€Å"What about Faye Chamberlain?† Sally snapped, joining the conversation suddenly. â€Å"Is she good?† â€Å"There’s good in Faye,† Cassie said, even more slowly. â€Å"Diana said that once to me, and it’s true. Faye just has to find it. But anyway, you can’t judge all of us by one person.† â€Å"How about what they did to the entire school for years? You’re calling that good? They treated everybody like slaves!† â€Å"That was wrong, I admit it,† Cassie said. â€Å"But Diana didn’t do that – if people treated her like a princess, it wasn’t her fault. Faye was the one treating people like slaves. Some of the others went along because they didn’t think about it. And whatever they did, this isn’t the way to solve it!† â€Å"Mr. Brunswick is going to solve it,† said Portia briefly. â€Å"Mr. Brunswick is a murderer! He is not your friend, Portia. He’s the one who killed Kori Henderson, Chris and Doug’s sister. He killed her because she didn’t fit in with his plans. And he killed Mr. Fogle, the old principal, because he wanted to take his place. And,† Cassie said, â€Å"he killed Jeffrey, Sally! Yes. He did it out of spite as far as I can see – or else to drive the witches and the outsiders farther apart. He wants us to hate each other.† â€Å"That’s ridiculous,† Logan said. â€Å"Why would he want that?† â€Å"Because,† Cassie said, shutting her eyes, knowing it was probably useless, â€Å"he is a witch. The bad kind. The only completely bad one I’ve ever met. And I think he wants us to wipe you out. Or maybe he just wants to take us somewhere else and wipe out the people there. I don’t know what he wants,† she said, opening her eyes, â€Å"but whatever it is, it isn’t good. It isn’t something that’s going to make you happy.† â€Å"Oh, forget this crap. Let’s get started,† Jordan said. â€Å"No, wait, I want to get something clear.† Sally stood in front of Cassie, eye to eye. â€Å"You said Brunswick killed Jeffrey – but he couldn’t have. He wasn’t even in New Salem that night, or when the other murders were committed, either.† â€Å"Oh, he was here, he just wasn’t up and around,† muttered Cassie. She looked at Sally. â€Å"He didn’t need to be there. He’s a witch. He sent out power – dark energy – to do it. Or else maybe he took over somebody’s mind and made them do it.† Like Faye, Cassie was thinking grimly. When it came right down to it, Faye could have pushed Kori down the steps to break her neck, and could have dislodged a boulder to start a rock slide on Mr. Fogle. She could even have gotten Jeffrey down to the boiler room on some pretext and then strangled him. All it would take would be sneaking up on him from behind and then somehow getting the rope around his neck. The police doctors had said one person could do it. â€Å"What difference does it make, how?† Cassie asked tiredly. â€Å"He did it, that’s all that matters. And he did do it, Sally, I promise you. He killed Jeffrey.† Sally was staring hard into her eyes, her pugnacious face inches from Cassie’s. She shook her head and turned away. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Cassie said to the back of her rusty head. â€Å"I liked Jeffrey too. I know what you think, that I was trying to steal him or something. But I wasn’t. I was just – I was so excited that night at Homecoming. It was the first dance I’d ever been to when guys wanted to dance with me.† â€Å"Oh, I’m sure!† Sally snapped without turning around. â€Å"It was. It’s the truth, Sally,† Cassie said passionately. â€Å"Back in California I didn’t know any guys at all. I was just too shy. I don’t even know why they wanted to dance with me at Homecoming. Sally . . .† She gazed at the red-haired girl’s tight shoulders helplessly. Sally turned slowly. â€Å"I guess you don’t ever look in a mirror,† she said, but there was less animosity in her voice. Cassie blinked away the tears that threatened. â€Å"I do, but I don’t see anything special,† she said. â€Å"And I didn’t want to steal Jeffrey; I was just so flattered that he asked me. It was a beautiful night, and everything seemed enchanted, and then . . .† She looked from Sally to Logan, blinking again. â€Å"You don’t know how I felt when I realized he was dead. I would have done anything to catch the person who did it.† Logan took a step toward her, but Portia’s voice, sharp as a wasp sting, stopped him. â€Å"She’s doing it! She’s using her witch powers on you, right now. Don’t be stupid, Logan.† Cassie looked at her. â€Å"Portia, for God’s sake . . .† â€Å"Portia’s right,† Jordan said brutally. â€Å"If we listen to her, she’ll trick us. She’s been a liar from the start.† He pulled the metal thing out of the fire. â€Å"What is that?† Cassie asked. â€Å"A cattle brand.† Cassie thought about that, and tried to keep her fragile grip on control. Jordan stepped in * front of her, holding the long rod which was red-hot at the end. That didn’t surprise Cassie. What surprised her was what he said. â€Å"Where are the Master Tools?† he asked. Cassie was dumbfounded. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Mr. Brunswick told us,† Portia said, her voice thin and hard. â€Å"He told us that they’re the source of your power, and that if they’re destroyed you lose it all. He wants to destroy them himself and stop you forever.† Cassie had the wild impulse to laugh, but she knew that would only bring more trouble. So he’d put them up to this. And he knew she’d found the Master Tools. Right now, he must be expecting her to tell Jordan to save herself. Or maybe he was around here, hoping Cassie would call on him for help. I won’t, Cassie thought. No matter how bad it gets, I won’t do it. I don’t want to be saved by him. She looked around the clearing, especially at the shadows that flickered on the edges of the firelight. â€Å"He wants the Master Tools, all right,† she said distinctly. â€Å"But not to destroy them. He’d use them to destroy you, and us, too, if he can’t get us to knuckle under.† Jordan looked unsurprised. â€Å"You’ll tell us in a while,† he said. â€Å"I expected you to lie at first.† Cassie’s entire body tightened as he brought the glowing brand closer to her. I am brave, she thought, trying to calm her heartbeat. I am as strong as I need to be. But when she smelled the hot metal, sheer black fright swept through her. â€Å"Wait! Stop right there, Jurgen and Lowdown, or whatever your names are.† It was Deborah’s voice, angry and filled with elemental savagery. The girl was standing between two trees as if she’d just materialized there this moment. With her tumbled dark hair blending into the black shadows, and her graceful, stalking posture, she might have been some forest goddess come on a mission of vengeance. Jordan dropped the cattle brand and grabbed his gun, pointing it directly at Deborah. A new voice spoke quietly from the other side of the grove. â€Å"If you move away from Cassie and put the gun down,† Adam said in low, precise tones, â€Å"we won’t have to hurt you.† He had appeared just as soundlessly and he looked just as dangerous as Deborah. Cassie thought of the costume he’d worn at Halloween, the stag antlers and autumn leaves of the horned god. Right now she wouldn’t have been surprised to see a stag beside him. There was another slight movement and Cassie saw Diana. It was as if moonlight had suddenly stepped into the grove. An unearthly aura hung about the girl who stood with fair hair cascading around her like a shining cloak. Tall and slender, she had such an air of command that she might have been the goddess Diana, with the moon and stars at her fingertips. She looked at the outsiders silently with eyes as green as jewels, and then she spoke. â€Å"Get away from my friend,† she said. For an instant Cassie thought they were going to do it on the strength of her authority alone. Jordan’s gun wavered. Then it snapped up again, pointing toward Adam, and Logan snatched a burning stick from the fire. He held it close to Cassie’s face, as Jordan had held the brand. â€Å"Keep back or we’ll hurt her† he said. Adam let out his breath. â€Å"We warned you,† he said softly. Cassie was looking into Diana’s emerald eyes. She glanced at Logan’s burning stick, and then back. She could tell that Diana remembered the candle ceremony. Fire – so close she could feel its heat on her cheek. The flames changing shape every second, their radiance streaming endlessly upward. There was power in Fire, as Cassie had discovered when Faye had waved a piece of burning paper at her in the old science building. Power there for the taking . . . This time she took it. The stick flared up as if someone had dumped gasoline on it, and Cassie turned her face away, eyes shut against the brilliance. Logan screamed and threw the stick. Jordan’s head jerked sideways, he was distracted for an instant – – and that was all it took. Jordan went down as the Henderson brothers appeared from nowhere, leaping like twin golden flames. The gun fired a shot skyward, and then they were pinning him, one on each arm. Cassie saw Nick surge up from the shadows and grab Logan from behind. Logan struggled, but Adam joined Nick and the fight was over in seconds. By the time Cassie looked the other way, the outsider girls were taken care of. Sally was on her face, with Deborah kneeling on her back and Melanie standing over them. Portia was flattened against a tree, very still. Two feet from her, Raj was snarling, lips peeled back, hair bristling. Laurel stood just behind him, looking tall and terrible. â€Å"These trees,† she said to Portia, â€Å"have put up with a lot from your kind. If you try to run you’ll end up lost in the middle of them. That’s not to mention what the dog might do. If I were you, I wouldn’t move a muscle.† Portia didn’t. Diana walked over and cut Cassie’s ropes with a white-handled knife. It took some time. â€Å"Good job,† Suzan said from the sidelines. â€Å"Are you all right?† Diana asked Cassie, still with that frightening, unearthly aura about her. Cassie nodded. â€Å"We were already on our way when you called to Adam,† Diana said. â€Å"Laurel saw their car speeding down Crowhaven Road and Adam felt there was something wrong. He guided us to their car, but it was Raj who tracked you through the woods.† Cassie just nodded gratefully. She couldn’t speak. â€Å"Since Cassie’s all right, we won’t hurt you four,† Diana said aloud, then. â€Å"But we’re going to take this† – she picked up Jordan’s gun, holding it as if it were a poisonous snake – â€Å"and we’re going to leave you here. Your car has a few flat tires. You can walk home.† The four outsiders said nothing. Sally, still on the ground, was panting; Logan, with Nick’s arm around his throat, was trembling-still; Portia remained frozen against the tree. But it was Jordan who held Cassie’s attention. He was staring at Diana with eyes of pure hatred, like a cornered wild dog. It will never stop, Cassie thought. They’ll hate us even more after this. They’ll do something else to us, and we’ll do something to them, and it will never stop. On impulse, she walked over to where Jordan lay sprawled on his back on the forest floor, and she held out a hand to him. â€Å"We don’t have to be enemies,† she said. â€Å"Can’t we just end it now?† Jordan spat on her. Cassie went still, too surprised to be upset. Nobody had ever spat at her before. She looked in shock at her outstretched hand, then wiped it on her jeans. What happened next she heard later from Laurel, because she was actually looking down at the time. Nick started toward Jordan instantly, but he was hindered by having to get rid of Logan, and anyway Adam was simply faster. He moved faster than the eye could follow, grabbing Jordan by the front of the jacket and hauling him up, then knocking him down again with one lightning-quick blow to the face. Behind Cassie, the bonfire shot up in orange flames ten feet high. Jordan landed on his back, both hands clapped over his nose. â€Å"Get up,† Adam said. The flames roared and crackled, sending a shower of sparks floating into the darkness of the woods. Nick was beside Adam now. His face was emotionless, utterly cool, the old Nick. â€Å"Naw, buddy, I think he’s had enough,† he drawled, taking hold of Adam’s arm. Jordan lifted one hand from his nose, and Cassie saw the blood. â€Å"She’s a little liar. You’ll find out,† he yowled in a thick voice, looking from Cassie to Adam. For a moment Cassie thought Adam was going to hit him again. Then Adam turned away, as if forgetting Jordan existed. He didn’t seem to notice Nick’s existence either. He took Cassie’s hand, the one Jordan had spat on, turned it over, and kissed it. Cassie thought that somebody had better do something fast. â€Å"We should tie them up,† Melanie said, her calm, thoughtful voice pervading the clearing. â€Å"Or three of them at least – the fourth can be untying the others while we get away.† â€Å"Not too tightly,† Diana said, conceding. While Jordan, Logan, and Sally were being tied up, she stuck the white-handled knife in the ground by Portia. â€Å"You can cut them free when we leave. Don’t try to follow us,† she said. Portia didn’t look as if she might follow; her eyes were showing white all around. Diana followed her gaze to the fire, which was still roaring more like a burning oil well than a bonfire, and spoke softly to Cassie. â€Å"Can you tone that down a little? I think they’re scared enough.† Cassie, who wasn’t doing it, mumbled something inarticulate, and hastily went over to check on Sally’s bonds. Sally glanced at her out of the sides of her eyes and spoke without moving her lips. â€Å"I was wrong about you.† Cassie looked at her in surprise, but said nothing, leaning over as if to examine Sally’s tied wrists. â€Å"You may be right about Brunswick,† Sally said, still in almost inaudible tones. â€Å"If you are, I feel sorry for you. He’s going to do something on the ninth. There’s a full moon or something – and that’s when he’s going to move. He wanted the tools before then.† â€Å"Thanks,† Cassie whispered and she squeezed Sally’s hand behind her back. Then she straightened up as Diana said, â€Å"Let’s go.† As they left, Cassie nudged Adam inconspicuously. â€Å"Are you doing the fire?† she whispered. â€Å"What? Oh.† The flames fell, collapsing suddenly into a normal bonfire. â€Å"I guess so,† he said. They walked through the woods, Laurel and Deborah leading them surely among the dark trees, Raj trotting alongside. Cassie spent the entire walk thinking about Nick. She got in the Armstrong car with him when they came to the road. He drove silently, one arm along the back of the seat. The other cars were in front of them, headlights shining on the lonely road as they made their way back to New Salem. Cassie was trying to find the right words to say. She’d never had to do anything like this before and she was afraid to do it wrong. She was afraid to hurt Nick. But there was no way around it. From the instant that Adam had kissed her hand she had known. Cassie could like it or hate it, but there was no way to do anything about it. â€Å"Nick †¦Ã¢â‚¬  she said, and choked up. â€Å"You don’t have to say anything,† he said, in his old detached, nothing-hurts-me voice. Cassie could hear the pain underneath it. Then he looked at her, and his tone softened. â€Å"I knew what I was doing when I got into this,† he said. â€Å"And you never pretended anything else. It’s not your fault.† He’d said she didn’t have to say anything – but she did. She had to try to explain to him. â€Å"It’s not because of Adam,† she said softly. â€Å"I mean, it’s not for him, because I know there’s no hope. I – accept that now, and I’m happy for him and Diana. But I just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped and shook her head helplessly. â€Å"This is going to sound totally stupid, but I can’t be with anybody else. Ever. I’m just going to have to . . .† She tried to think of a way to put it, but all she could come up with was a phrase out of one of her grandmother’s Victorian etiquette books she’d read one rainy afternoon. â€Å"I’m going to have to live a life of single blessedness,† she mumbled. Nick threw back his head and laughed. Real laughter. Cassie looked at him, embarrassed, but glad that at least he was smiling. His voice was more normal too, as he glanced at her sideways, taking his arm off the back of the seat. â€Å"Oh, you think so?† he said. â€Å"Well, what else am I supposed to do?† Nick didn’t answer, just shook his head slightly, with another little snort of laughter. â€Å"Cassie, I’m glad I met you,† he said. â€Å"You’re – unique. Sometimes I think you belong back in medieval times instead of now. You and Diana and him, all three. But, anyway, I’m glad.† Cassie felt more embarrassed, and she didn’t understand. â€Å"I’m glad I met you,† she said. â€Å"You’ve been so nice to me – you’re such a good guy.† He snorted again. â€Å"Most people would disagree,† he said. â€Å"But I’m not so bad. I’ll have to make sure I’m not, or I’ll still see you looking at me with those big eyes.† He started to fish a cigarette out of the pack in his pocket, then glanced at her sideways and tapped it back. Cassie smiled. She wished she could hold his hand, but that wouldn’t be right. She was going to have to make it alone now. She leaned back and looked through the windows at the lighted houses slipping by. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Power Chapter Twelve, Essay examples

Proposal Adventure Camp free essay sample

By: Senior Administrator [name] Introduction It appears that people are unaware of our presence. To solve this, we need to have a wider array of ways to attract the public. We also need to draw the larger groups such as school classes or sports teams. Personal Promotion We are often told by our customers, how great they think the centre is for doing adventure activities. However, very few know about us, despite those comments. A solution could be to organize open days regularly and send invitations to journalists so they can promote the centre in public media. Online attention Sometimes we were asked for our website, yet we do not have one. A website is much easier for people these days, because it allows them to book our experiences online without having to leave home. Online bookings are also much easier to register for us. Another suggestion is entering social media. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal Adventure Camp or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are on the rise especially among teenagers and adolescents and they are our primary target groups. This way we can encourage them to join our activities and our customers can also encourage their friends to do so. The development of a sophisticated website and social media page is therefore an absolute must. Special offers As you know ‘discount’ is a magic word, which could attract large quantities of people. Thus considerable group discount could be very effective in order to attract larger groups. Those groups could spread the word about our centre, drawing more clients exponentially. Conclusion The problems are being insufficiently known and not being attractive to large groups. In order to tackle the problems listed above I advise the management to implement my three recommendations; being open days, the development of pages on the world wide web and an attractive group discount.

Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Electronic Data Interchange E

Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Electronic Data Interchange Every Thing You Ever Wanted to Know About EDI By Brian Harris December 1, 1998 ISDS 4800 Sec. 001 Introduction First of all what is EDI? Well EDI, or Electronic Data Interchange, is the transfer of business documents such as sales invoices, purchase orders, price quotations, etc. using a pre-established format in a paperless electronic environment. Usually this transfer occurs over VANs, Value Added Networks, but it is becoming increasingly popular over the Internet because of cost savings and ease of use. EDI has been around for approximately 30 years. The true genesis of EDI occurred in the mid-1960s, as an early attempt at implementing the fictional paperless office by companies in transportation, grocery and retail industry segments. Although EDI never eliminated paper documents, it decreased the number of times such documents were handled by people. Reduced handling resulted in fewer errors and faster transfers (Millman, 83). EDI technology is rapidly changing the way business is conducted throughout the world. Firms that use EDI are more efficient and responsive to the needs of customers and partners and in many cases have jumped out ahead of the competition. Many businesses are already using EDI with suppliers and customers, and if your firm wants to do business with companies involved in Government Dealings EDI must be part of your business no later than January 1, 1999. In May of this year, the major industrial groups in charge of standards setting for EDI, have united behind a set of standards that will allow for seamless web-based forms using extensible markup language, similar to HTML, thereby increasing the accessibility of EDI for small businesses on the Internet (Campbell, 28). An example of an application for EDI is filing tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service. The IRS offers several options for filing your tax return, one of which is filing electronically and receiving your refund by electronic funds transfer or direct deposit. The forms used are available in tax preparation software, which can be downloaded off the Internet or purchased by retail. The forms are filled out directly on a PC then transmitted to another computer, which acts as a midpoint to the IRS. The IRS receives your forms and can issue a refund without ever having to reprocess the data. By using this method you save yourself and the IRS time and money (Campbell, 28). How EDI Works Table came from Information Technology for Management by Turban, McLean and Wetherbe page 244. Information, such as purchase orders for medical supplies, flows from the hospital's information system into an EDI station, which consist of a PC, an EDI translator and a modem. From there, the information moves to a VAN (Value Added Network). The Van transfers the formatted information to the vendor, where the vendor side EDI translator converts it to a desired format (Turban, 244). An EDI translator does the conversion of data into standard format. An example of such formatting is shown below. Table came from Information Technology for Management by Turban, McLean and Wetherbe page 243. An average hospital generates about 15,000 purchase orders each year at a processing cost of about $70 per order. The health Industry Business Communication Council estimates that EDI can reduce this cost to $4 per order, potential yearly savings of $840,000 per hospital. The required investment ranges between $8,000 and $15,000. This includes the purchase of a PC with an EDI translator, a modem, and a link to the mainframe-based information system. The hospital can have two or three ordering points. These are connected to a value-added network (VAN), which connects the hospitals to its suppliers. (See figure on previous page) The system can also connect to other hospitals, or to centralized joint purchasing agencies. (Turban, 244). Benefits of EDI There are numerous benefits associated with the adoption of EDI. Probably the most important and largest benefit is efficiency. By utilizing EDI businesses are able to streamline their whole supply chain process. Whether it is upstream to suppliers or downstream to customers, EDI eliminates repetitive tasks such as entering data multiple times and cuts costs of printing hard copies and transportation costs. EDI also allows you to send and receive large amounts of data quickly to or from anywhere in the

Amy Lee Essays

Amy Lee Essays Amy Lee Essay Amy Lee Essay Amy Lee Amy Lynn Lee, singer-songwriter and classically-trained pianist, is co-founder and lead singer of the alternative metal band Evanescence. Inspired by her mother, Lee spent nine years of her life practicing piano. Lee was born to parents John Lee, radio personality, and Sara Cargill. Living in Florida and California, they finally settled in Little Rock, Arkansas, where the band Evanescence began. Hearing Lee’s beautiful voice and heartfelt words, tears fall from the cheeks of some listening. Her words resonate in the soul of the receiver. At a summer youth camp, Ben Moody noticed Lee on the piano playing the song, â€Å"I’d Do Anything for Love (But I Won’t Do That),† by Meatloaf. A month later, the two began writing songs, eventually producing Evanescence EP in 1998, Sound Asleep EP in 1999, and the full length demo, Origin, in 2000. Signing with Wind-Up Records, Evanescence released Fallen in 2003, selling six point six million copies and spending 43 weeks in the Billboard top ten. Evanescence’s major label debut single, â€Å"Bring Me to Life,† was a major hit for the band and reached number five on the American Billboard Hot 100, while the equally popular â€Å"My Immortal† peaked at number seven in the United States. Their inclusion in the soundtrack for the action movie, â€Å"Daredevil,† helped propel both songs into widespread popularity and firmly cemented Evanescence within the music scene. â€Å"Bring Me to Life† gained recognition for the band at the Grammy Awards of 2004, where the band was given the Best Hard Rock Performance award. At the same time, Evanescence was awarded Best New Artist. Lead-guitarist Ben Moody abruptly left the band during the middle of their European tour. Relieved of an abusive relationship with Moody, Lee states, â€Å"Before, I wasn’t allowed to play any organ because Ben didn’t like it. This time I could do whatever I wanted, and there’s lots of organ. It’s all over. † (Lee) Moody was replaced by Terry Balsamo, the former Limp Bizkit guitarist. Meanwhile, the band went through numerous obstacles: Balsamo suffered from a stroke, Lee sued her manager, claiming sexual assault, and Lee broke ties with her boyfriend, Seether’s Shaun Morgan. Lee and Morgan produced a duet, â€Å"Broken,† which appears in the soundtrack to â€Å"The Punisher. † After three years absence, Evanescence’s second album, The Open Door, was released. The Open Door debuted at the top of the Billboard charts, selling more than 447,000 units in its first week and reached platinum status in just over a month. The album is defined by Lee’s beautiful melodies, compelling lyrics, deeply moving piano and amazing vocals, blended with Terry Balsamo’s urgent yet intricate guitar to form a seamless, delicate mixture that perfectly channels the band’s hard rock and classical sensibilities. The album’s first single, â€Å"Call Me When You’re Sober,† bashes Morgan for his drug addiction. Lee began writing at the tender age of eleven. She remains true to herself through life’s trials, writing and singing from the heart, captivating audiences worldwide. When Lee and Moody, co-founders of Evanescence, began singing, Lee was only sixteen. Lee has matured over the years, as is reflected in the album The Open Door. As Alen Meltzer, CEO of Wind-Up Records, states, â€Å"She is the female voice of her generation. She’s come into her own as a writer and a singer. She made this record with no label involvement. It was all her. † (Meltzer). Some may find the lyrics of Evanescence offensive, yet others may find them soothing, finally having someone put words to their pain and anger.

Expressionism and Harold Pinters Plays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Expressionism and Harold Pinters Plays - Essay Example Expressionism is the term used to define many different pieces of artwork including paintings, sculptures, film and plays, that in some way distort reality for emotional effect. Painters can use expressionist techniques to blur solid lines, play with light or change the facial features on a portrait so that the viewer gets a real sense of the emotion of the piece; fear, despair, love (Murphy, 1999, 40). By working with expressionist techniques instead of using realism, many artists feel more capable of portraying the proper feeling of their pieces than if everything were to appear perfectly lifelike. Expressionism is meant to dig beneath a realistic surface and expose what lies beneath. In terms of the theatre, most early expressionist plays are credited to German playwrights of the early 20th century. Writers such as Georg Kaiser and Ernst Toller were two of the most successful early expressionistic playwrights; their influence quickly spread to other countries including America where this style of theatre was considered very trendy in the 1920's (Valgamae, 1972, 1-15). Plays such as these relied heavily on the ability of the actors as they were often scripted to over-dramatise emotional states and to literalise metaphor; many expressionistic plays focused on the dramatisation of a protagonist's spiritual awakening or suffering. A good example of an expressionist play can be found in Oskar Kokoschka's 1909 Murderer, The Hope of Women. In this production, Kokoschka's characters remain unnamed throughout in an effort to focus the attentions of the audience to the more obscure themes. The Man and the Woman are engaged in a power struggle and during the course of the play Man brands Women, who in turn imprisons Man (1909). The entire play is set up as a purely connotative and emotional look at what might well be a normal relationship between a man and a woman. Like other expressionist forms of art, theatre focuses on the reality behind the everyday, and achieves this with the use of literalism, metaphor and hyperbole. Harold Pinter Pinter is an English playwright who has been active for several decades in various facets of the writing world. Aside from writing 29 well-received stage plays, he has written 26 screenplays and a myriad of radio and television plays as well as having acted on stage himself. Pinter began his writing career as a teenage poet, but soon found himself on stage; in the 1950's he enjoyed an acting career under the name David Baron but eventually writing overtook his desire to pursue acting. His playwriting is very unorthodox in both Pinter's approach as a writer and in its materialisation on stage; these plays earned him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2005 (Peacock, 1997, 13-33). Pinter has been politically active since he became a conscientious objector at 18; since then the writer has participated in the UK's Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, the British Anti-Apartheid Movement and the Playwright's in Apartheid Protest. He has been very active in International PEN (International Poets, Essayists and Novelists), a group of diverse writers from around the world who promote the use of literature in crossing cultural borders. Currently Pinter is a member of the Cuban Solidarity

Fundamental of finance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Fundamental of finance - Article Example This portfolio is best suited for Top Choice as they are high risk takers. The investment will yield an average return of (31.6% of ' 2,000,000) ' 632,000 with a standard deviation of (7.14% of ' 2,000,000) ' 142,800. This indicates that the return will be in the range of (' 632,000 - ' 142,800) and (' 632,000 + ' 142,800), i.e., ' 489,200 and ' 774,800 respectively. A company can be financed by a number of different modes. The type of capital financing that has been chosen for the company is referred to as the capital structure of the company. A company can be financed using debentures, equity shares, long term loans, etc. These options however are based on the nature of risk the investors are willing to take. The following sections will discuss the various financing options that are available for investors to finance their companies and the factors that affect the choice have also been discussed. a) Equity Financing: This is the most common mode of financing used by companies. Here companies raise monies for the business by selling stocks of the company. These can either be preferred or common stock and can be sold both to individuals as well as investors. This is also referred to as the share capital of the company. These stocks provide the buyers with an ownership in the company. This is perceived to be 'easy money' as it does not involve any debt. Here the company does not require repaying the amount to the investors, as long as the business makes profits. Equity financing is best suited for people who are risk takers (J Ogilvie & B Koch 2002). b) Debt Financing: This type of financing is when a company borrows money from other sources like banks, etc, under an agreement to pay back within a fixed amount of time. Here the lenders do not get any ownership of the business and the relationship remains active until all the monies are paid back. This can be of two main types a) short term financing, where loans taken are for a period less than one year. These are mostly taken by people who are willing to take risks. b) Long term financing is when loans are taken for period higher